Small-molecule NNMT inhibitor discussed in preclinical metabolic/obesity contexts; human evidence is not established in the open literature.

Serotonin precursor from Griffonia simplicifolia; evidence for mood, sleep latency, & appetite regulation.

7-Keto DHEA is a non-hormonal metabolite of DHEA that supports thermogenesis & body composition improvement, particularly in overweight & obese individuals, without converting to sex hormones.

AOD-9604 is a synthetic peptide corresponding to amino acids 176–191 of human growth hormone, modified with an N-terminal tyrosine residue to stabilize the fragment. It was designed to preserve hGH's fat-mobilizing (lipolytic) activity — stimulating lipolysis and inhibiting lipogenesis — without activating the IGF-1 pathway responsible for hGH's anabolic and mitogenic effects. Phase II/III clinical trials conducted by Metabolic Pharmaceuticals for obesity did not meet primary efficacy endpoints, and AOD-9604 was never approved as a pharmaceutical in any jurisdiction. Animal studies and early human pharmacokinetic data suggest good tolerability and oral bioavailability, but robust clinical evidence for meaningful body-composition changes in humans is currently absent.

ARA-290 (Cibinetide) is a synthetic 11-amino acid peptide designed to selectively activate the innate repair receptor (IRR) — a heterodimer of the erythropoietin receptor and the beta common receptor — without triggering the erythropoietic effects of native EPO. This selectivity allows it to target tissue-protective and anti-inflammatory pathways without the cardiovascular risks of hematocrit elevation. The most compelling human evidence comes from trials in sarcoidosis-associated small fiber neuropathy, where ARA-290 improved corneal nerve fiber density and reduced neuropathic pain scores compared to placebo in a phase 2 trial. Broader development for diabetic peripheral neuropathy and other small fiber neuropathies is ongoing, though no regulatory approval has been granted.

Acetyl-L-Carnitine is an acetylated form of L-carnitine that crosses the blood-brain barrier, supporting mitochondrial function & acetylcholine synthesis. It shows benefits for cognitive function & neuropathic pain.

Afamelanotide is a synthetic linear analog of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) with high selectivity for the MC1R receptor, which governs melanin production in melanocytes and provides a photoprotective response in skin. It is FDA-approved and EMA-approved (Scenesse) for reducing phototoxic reactions in adults with erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP), a rare genetic disorder causing severe sun-induced pain, allowing patients longer and less painful UV exposure. Unlike Melanotan II, its MC1R selectivity means it does not significantly activate MC3R or MC4R, minimizing appetite, sexual function, and CNS effects. It is delivered as a biodegradable subcutaneous implant (16 mg) every 60 days, providing sustained peptide release to build a protective eumelanin tan before anticipated sun exposure.

Agmatine sulfate is an endogenous metabolite of arginine that may help reduce neuropathic pain and enhance mood. It is potentially beneficial for individuals with neuropathic conditions and those seeking cognitive benefits.

Akkermansia muciniphila is a mucin-degrading gut bacterium associated with metabolic health improvements, including enhanced insulin sensitivity & gut barrier function, particularly in overweight & obese individuals.

Plant-derived long-chain omega-3 fatty acids (DHA/EPA) from microalgae; bioequivalent to fish-derived sources.

Choline donor supporting acetylcholine synthesis; evidence for acute cognitive function & power output in athletes.

Alpha-lipoic acid is a universal antioxidant active in both aqueous & lipid compartments that regenerates other antioxidants; it has strong evidence for reducing neuropathic symptoms in diabetic polyneuropathy & improving insulin sensitivity.

American Ginseng is an adaptogenic root known for its potential to reduce blood glucose levels, modulate immune function, & improve cognitive performance.

Aniracetam is a fat-soluble racetam that modulates AMPA receptors & has anxiolytic properties, potentially enhancing creativity, mood, & memory, particularly under stress.

Flavonoid found in chamomile; binds GABA-A receptors with mild anxiolytic/sedative properties. Direct human trials on isolated apigenin are lacking; evidence primarily from chamomile extract RCTs.

Artichoke Leaf Extract is used for its potential benefits in reducing LDL cholesterol, improving liver function, & alleviating symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome.

Adaptogen with consistent evidence for stress, cortisol, & testosterone support; one of the best-evidenced adaptogens.

Astaxanthin is a potent antioxidant derived from microalgae, known for reducing oxidative stress, improving exercise endurance, and enhancing skin health.

Astragalus is a traditional Chinese medicine root known for its immune-modulating and antioxidant properties, potentially supporting longevity and cellular health.

Leucine, isoleucine, valine; primarily support protein synthesis & reduce exercise-induced muscle soreness. Less useful if protein intake is adequate.

BPC-157 (Body Protection Compound-157) is a synthetic pentadecapeptide derived from a protective protein found in human gastric juice. In animal models it consistently accelerates healing of tendons, ligaments, muscle, and gut tissue — proposed mechanisms include upregulation of growth factor receptors (VEGFR2, FGFR2) and modulation of nitric oxide signaling. The GI preclinical evidence is particularly consistent, with rodent studies showing protection against NSAID-induced ulcers, colitis, and gut permeability disruptions. No peer-reviewed human randomized controlled trials have been completed, so extrapolating the animal data to clinical outcomes involves significant uncertainty, and it remains an unregulated research compound.

BPC-157 Arginate is a salt form of BPC-157 combined with arginine to improve stability in the gastrointestinal tract, enabling oral administration in place of subcutaneous injection. The rationale is that the arginate salt resists gastric acid degradation better than the standard peptide, though head-to-head human bioavailability comparisons have not been published. Preclinical GI evidence for BPC-157 broadly supports oral efficacy for gut-specific endpoints such as ulcer protection and colitis, where local rather than systemic exposure may be sufficient. No human clinical trials have been conducted on the arginate formulation specifically; it shares the same unregulated research compound status as standard injectable BPC-157.

Adaptogenic herb with consistent evidence for memory & learning; benefits accumulate over weeks.

Baobab is a fruit pulp high in vitamin C, fiber, & polyphenols, with preliminary evidence suggesting benefits for blood glucose management, antioxidant status, & satiety.

Dietary nitrate is converted to nitric oxide, reducing O2 cost of exercise; strongest evidence for sub-elite endurance athletes.

Benfotiamine is a fat-soluble thiamine analogue that effectively raises intracellular thiamine diphosphate levels, showing promise in reducing advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) and symptoms of diabetic neuropathy, as well as potentially aiding in cognitive decline associated with Alzheimer's disease.

Berberine HCl is a hydrochloride salt form of berberine that improves solubility & is known for its AMPK-activating mechanism, showing evidence for glycemic control, lipid profiles, & metabolic syndrome management.

Raises muscle carnosine, buffering acid during high-intensity exercise lasting 1–4 minutes; causes transient paresthesia (tingling) at higher doses.

Beta-Sitosterol is a plant sterol that helps reduce symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and modestly lowers LDL cholesterol levels.

Betaine Anhydrous is a naturally occurring compound that supports methylation, power output, & muscle protein synthesis, particularly beneficial for strength & power sports.

Bifidobacterium Longum is a probiotic strain that supports gut health, reduces stress-related symptoms, & may improve sleep quality & immune function.

Commonly marketed for hair/skin/nails; evidence for benefit in non-deficient individuals is limited. Can interfere with lab tests at higher doses.

Bitter melon is a tropical fruit known for its potential to mimic insulin effects, reduce intestinal glucose absorption, & improve glycemic control, particularly in individuals with type 2 diabetes.

Bitter Orange, containing p-synephrine, is a stimulant that increases metabolic rate and lipolysis, often used for weight management and fat loss. It is considered to have a lower cardiovascular impact compared to ephedrine.

Menopause symptom support is mixed; some reviews suggest potential benefit for overall symptoms, but results are inconsistent & product variability is high.

Black cumin seed, also known as Nigella sativa, is used for its anti-inflammatory, antihistamine, & immune-modulating effects, with evidence supporting its use for asthma, allergies, blood pressure, & blood glucose management.

Black Seed Oil is a thymoquinone-rich oil known for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, & immune-modulating properties, with evidence supporting its use for asthma, blood pressure, blood glucose control, & immune enhancement.

Boron is a trace element that modulates sex hormone binding globulin, increases free testosterone & estradiol, enhances vitamin D activity, & supports calcium & magnesium retention in bone; evidence suggests benefits for hormonal balance & bone mineral metabolism.

Ayurvedic anti-inflammatory herb; AKBA fraction inhibits 5-LOX. Consistent evidence for joint pain & osteoarthritis.

Bovine colostrum is the first milk produced by cows after calving, rich in immunoglobulins, IGF-1, & growth factors. It is used to support immune function, reduce gastrointestinal permeability, & enhance athletic performance.

Bromelain is a pineapple-derived enzyme known for its anti-inflammatory & fibrinolytic properties, often used for osteoarthritis, sinusitis, wound healing, & sports injury recovery.

Buprenorphine is a partial opioid agonist used primarily for opioid use disorder treatment & pain management, offering a safer profile compared to full agonist opioids.

Buspirone is a non-benzodiazepine anxiolytic that acts on 5-HT1A receptors, used primarily for generalized anxiety disorder without the dependence, sedation, or cognitive impairment associated with benzodiazepines.

Butterbur is an herbal extract used primarily for migraine prevention and treatment of allergic rhinitis. It is important to use PA-free extracts to avoid potential liver toxicity.

Choline donor & cytidine source; supports phosphatidylcholine synthesis & dopaminergic function. Strong cognitive evidence.

CJC-1295 is a synthetic GHRH analog available in two distinct forms: the DAC (Drug Affinity Complex) version, which carries a maleimidopropionic acid group that binds to albumin in plasma to extend half-life to approximately one week, and the non-DAC form ('Mod GRF 1-29'), which has a shorter half-life suited to pulsatile dosing around exercise or sleep. The DAC form produces sustained IGF-1 and GH elevation rather than mimicking the physiological pulsatile secretion pattern, which may have different metabolic consequences than pulsatile approaches. Human pharmacokinetic studies confirm dose-dependent IGF-1 elevation; combining CJC-1295 with ipamorelin significantly amplifies GH secretion via GHRH + GHRP synergy. Neither form has regulatory approval; evidence for clinically meaningful outcomes in healthy adults is limited to small studies, and long-term safety data are not established.

Acute performance & alertness benefits; individual sensitivity varies; timing matters for sleep.

Cagrilintide is a long-acting synthetic analog of amylin — a peptide co-secreted with insulin by pancreatic beta cells that reduces food intake by slowing gastric emptying, suppressing glucagon, and signaling satiety through area postrema receptors. With a half-life of approximately 7 days (enabled by fatty acid conjugation), it is suitable for once-weekly dosing and is being developed in combination with semaglutide 2.4 mg as 'CagriSema' (Novo Nordisk). Phase 2 data for CagriSema showed up to ~15% weight loss at 32 weeks; the REDEFINE phase 3 program is evaluating the combination at higher doses with longer follow-up. Cagrilintide monotherapy produces modest weight loss; the combination's rationale is complementary and non-overlapping mechanisms — amylin-mediated gastric and central effects combined with GLP-1 mediated effects on appetite and glucose.

Calcium is an essential mineral crucial for bone health, muscle function, and nerve signaling. Supplementation is particularly beneficial for individuals with low dietary intake, postmenopausal women, and those at risk of osteoporosis.

Calcium Alpha-Ketoglutarate (CaAKG) is a supplement studied for its potential geroprotective properties, aiming to reduce biological age and improve healthspan. It is being investigated for its effects on DNA methylation age, inflammatory markers, and metabolic parameters in middle-aged adults.

Calcium D-Glucarate is a supplement that may aid in detoxification & hormonal balance by inhibiting beta-glucuronidase, potentially supporting estrogen detoxification & cancer prevention.

Cannabidiol (CBD) is a non-psychoactive compound found in cannabis, known for its potential therapeutic effects on anxiety, sleep disorders, pain, and inflammation. It is FDA-approved for treating certain types of epilepsy under the brand name Epidiolex. Research is ongoing to explore its effects on neuroprotection and muscle health.

Capsaicin is an active compound in chili peppers known for activating TRPV1 receptors, which can increase thermogenesis and reduce appetite, potentially aiding in weight management and fat loss.

Carnosine is a dipeptide concentrated in muscle and brain, known for its roles in intracellular pH buffering, anti-glycation, and antioxidant activity. It is used to reduce AGE accumulation, improve exercise performance, and provide neuroprotection.

Casein protein is a slow-digesting milk protein that releases amino acids over several hours, making it effective for reducing overnight muscle protein breakdown. It is particularly beneficial for athletes and individuals engaging in resistance training when taken before sleep.

Cat's Claw is an Amazonian vine known for its anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating properties, potentially benefiting individuals with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.

Celexa is an SSRI approved for the treatment of major depressive disorder, with evidence showing good tolerability & effectiveness comparable to other SSRIs. However, higher doses may lead to QT prolongation.

Chaga Mushroom is a birch-parasitizing fungus known for its high antioxidant content, including beta-glucans & betulinic acid, which support immune function & reduce oxidative stress.

Chlorella is a freshwater microalgae known for its potential benefits in detoxification, lipid profile improvement, immune stimulation, & blood glucose modulation.

Chondroitin sulfate is a supplement commonly used for joint health, particularly in managing symptoms of osteoarthritis. It may help reduce pain and slow joint space narrowing, especially in moderate-to-severe cases.

Chromium Picolinate is a highly bioavailable form of chromium that may enhance insulin signaling & improve blood glucose levels, particularly in individuals with insulin resistance or type 2 diabetes.

Cinnamon extract is known for its ability to improve insulin sensitivity & reduce postprandial glucose levels, making it beneficial for individuals with type 2 diabetes. It also possesses antimicrobial & anti-inflammatory properties.

Cissus Quadrangularis is an Ayurvedic herb known for its potential to accelerate bone fracture healing, reduce joint pain, and aid in weight management. It is commonly used by athletes for tendon and ligament support.

Cistanche is a parasitic desert plant with emerging evidence suggesting benefits for testosterone support, libido enhancement, neuroprotection, and fatigue reduction, potentially through gut microbiome modulation.

Citrulline Malate is a supplement known to enhance exercise performance, particularly in strength & high-intensity activities, & reduce muscle soreness.

Clonidine is a central alpha-2 agonist used primarily for hypertension & ADHD, with evidence supporting its use in reducing anxiety, PTSD symptoms, opioid withdrawal, & tic disorders.

CoQ10 is a fat-soluble antioxidant and mitochondrial cofactor that supports cardiovascular function and may improve sperm motility and concentration, particularly in men.

Endogenous antioxidant & mitochondrial cofactor with evidence in heart failure & statin-induced myopathy.

Cold water immersion & cold exposure can reduce muscle soreness, enhance mood, activate metabolism, & reduce inflammation, benefiting athletes & individuals seeking recovery & mood enhancement.

Collagen peptides are hydrolyzed collagen protein fragments — primarily types I, II, and III — absorbed as di- and tripeptides that accumulate preferentially in connective tissues. The strongest clinical evidence supports improved skin elasticity, reduction in joint pain (particularly in athletes and osteoarthritis populations), and modest benefits for bone mineral density. Vitamin C co-ingestion meaningfully enhances endogenous collagen synthesis, and consuming the dose around exercise appears to maximize tendon and cartilage uptake based on pharmacokinetic modeling. Evidence for muscle hypertrophy is weaker than for whey or essential amino acids, as collagen has a low leucine content and incomplete essential amino acid profile.

Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) is a naturally occurring trans fatty acid found in ruminant fats, known for modestly reducing body fat and preserving lean mass, particularly in overweight individuals.

Copper is an essential trace mineral important for connective tissue synthesis, iron metabolism, neurological function, and immune defense. It is often under-supplemented relative to zinc.

Cordyceps is a medicinal fungus used in traditional Chinese medicine; human RCTs show it may improve aerobic capacity & exercise tolerance, with the militaris strain consistently showing acute & chronic benefits for VO2max & time to exhaustion.

Supports high-intensity performance & lean mass; among the best-studied sports supplements.

Standardized high-bioavailability curcumin extract with anti-inflammatory & recovery applications.

Cymbalta is an SNRI used to treat depression, anxiety, fibromyalgia, & diabetic neuropathy, offering benefits for both mood & pain management through central sensitization pathways.

Amino acid involved in testosterone synthesis signalling; evidence is mixed & may only benefit those with below-normal T.

D-Ribose is a pentose sugar that plays a crucial role in ATP & nucleotide synthesis, showing potential benefits for individuals with chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, cardiac energy depletion, & those needing exercise recovery.

Endogenous adrenal hormone precursor that declines with age; supplementation evidence mostly in older adults for bone density & well-being.

DIM is a supplement derived from cruciferous vegetables that modulates estrogen metabolism & may support hormonal balance, prostate health, & weight management.

DMAE is a choline precursor found in fish that supports acetylcholine synthesis, often marketed for cognitive enhancement and mood stabilization. Preliminary evidence suggests benefits for attention, mood, and skin firming when used topically.

DSIP (Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide) is a naturally occurring nonapeptide first isolated from rabbit cerebral venous blood during electrically induced sleep in 1974, originally proposed to act as an endogenous sleep-regulatory signal. It is thought to modulate hypothalamic-pituitary signaling, attenuate stress-induced cortisol elevation, and normalize disrupted sleep architecture, though most mechanistic evidence comes from animal studies or small early human experiments. Human clinical data are limited, inconsistent, and largely from dated Soviet-era and European research with significant methodological limitations; modern placebo-controlled replication is essentially absent. Its role as a discrete endogenous sleep hormone remains scientifically debated, and exogenous DSIP's very short plasma half-life and uncertain CNS penetration raise questions about whether injectable doses reliably reproduce any physiological effect.

Dandelion root is traditionally used for liver detoxification & diuretic effects, with preliminary evidence suggesting anti-inflammatory activity & gut microbiome modulation.

Devil's Claw is an African herb known for its anti-inflammatory properties, particularly in reducing pain associated with low back pain & osteoarthritis.

Dihexa (N-hexanoic-Tyr-Ile-(6) aminohexanoic amide) is a synthetic oligopeptide derived from angiotensin IV, engineered to potently activate the HGF/c-Met signaling pathway, which plays a central role in synaptogenesis and dendritic spine formation in the brain. In rodent models of Alzheimer's disease and cognitive impairment it produces striking improvements in learning and spatial memory at very low doses, with an estimated in vitro potency approximately 10 million times greater than BDNF for inducing synaptogenesis. No human clinical trials have been conducted; Dihexa exists entirely in preclinical research stages with no published pharmacokinetic, safety, or dose-finding data in humans. Given its potent receptor activity and completely unknown human risk and benefit profile, it is among the most speculative compounds in the research peptide space.

Dihydroberberine is a reduced form of berberine with enhanced bioavailability, used to improve blood glucose regulation and lipid profiles, making it beneficial for metabolic health.

Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is the principal bioactive catechin in green tea, with thermogenic, antioxidant, & lipid-lowering properties; meta-analyses demonstrate modest but consistent reductions in body weight & cardiovascular risk factors including LDL cholesterol & blood pressure.

Ecdysterone is a phytosteroid that promotes muscle protein synthesis and lean mass gains without androgenic effects, making it popular among athletes for enhancing strength and performance.

Echinacea is an immunostimulant herb that enhances innate immunity, reduces the duration of upper respiratory infections, and decreases the incidence of colds and flu. It is effective when taken at symptom onset or prophylactically.

Effexor is an SNRI used to treat depression, generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety, & panic disorder. It is known for its dual action on norepinephrine & serotonin reuptake, which may offer superior efficacy in severe depression compared to SSRIs.

Anthocyanin-rich berry (Sambucus nigra) with antiviral & immune-modulating properties; evidence mostly for cold/flu duration.

Essential minerals for hydration, muscle contraction, & nerve function; critical for endurance athletes & those sweating heavily.

Eleuthero is an adaptogenic herb that supports stress adaptation, immune function, & endurance performance, making it beneficial for individuals facing physical & mental stress.

Eleuthero Ginseng, also known as Siberian Ginseng, is used for enhancing exercise capacity & supporting immune function, with limited evidence suggesting benefits for aerobic capacity & recovery.

Epitalon is a synthetic peptide that may support telomere protection and circadian rhythm regulation, potentially benefiting sleep and longevity.

GLA-rich oil with evidence for PMS, breast pain, & menopausal symptoms.

West African shrub used in traditional medicine; claimed testosterone support — human evidence is currently very limited.

Used as a galactagogue; network meta-analysis suggests increased milk volume vs placebo in small RCTs, but evidence base is limited.

Dietary fiber supplement supporting gut motility, microbiome diversity, & cardiovascular risk reduction.

Fisetin is a flavonoid with senolytic properties that helps clear senescent cells, potentially aiding in longevity & reducing age-related biomarkers in the elderly.

Marine-derived EPA & DHA; cardiovascular, anti-inflammatory, & recovery benefits. Most-purchased supplement worldwide.

Periconception folic acid lowers neural tube defect risk; standard public-health recommendation is 400 mcg/day for women who could become pregnant.

Forskolin is a diterpene from Coleus forskohlii that activates adenylyl cyclase, increasing cAMP levels. It is preliminarily used for testosterone support, fat mass reduction, and bronchodilation, particularly in men.

Primary inhibitory neurotransmitter; oral bioavailability is debated but some trials show sleep & stress benefits.

GHK-Cu (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine copper complex) is a naturally occurring copper-binding tripeptide found in human plasma, saliva, and urine, where concentrations decline substantially with age. It promotes tissue remodeling by upregulating matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2, MMP-9), stimulating collagen and glycosaminoglycan synthesis, and modulating TGF-β signaling, with additional roles in angiogenesis and anti-inflammatory gene expression. The best-documented human evidence is topical: randomized controlled trials show improvements in skin elasticity, wrinkle depth, and photoaging with GHK-Cu containing formulations. Systemic injectable evidence is limited to preclinical models; extrapolating topical skin data to injected systemic outcomes is not supported by current human research.

GHK-Cu is a naturally occurring tripeptide-copper complex that supports collagen synthesis, wound healing, and hair growth, primarily used for anti-aging and skin health.

GHRP-2 is a synthetic hexapeptide ghrelin receptor agonist that produces a potent and reliable GH pulse, and has been used in research settings as a diagnostic provocative test for GH secretory capacity. Beyond GH release, GHRP-2 meaningfully elevates cortisol, prolactin, and ACTH — particularly at higher doses — a broader neuroendocrine activation profile that limits its appeal relative to more selective GHRPs like ipamorelin. Human pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data are among the most well-characterized of any research GHRP, with studies in GH deficiency, cachexia, and critical illness contexts. Wellness use requires awareness of the cortisol and prolactin co-stimulation, and no regulatory approval exists outside of diagnostic and investigational research applications.

GHRP-6 is a synthetic hexapeptide ghrelin receptor agonist that produces a substantial GH pulse alongside a pronounced increase in appetite and hunger — properties that mirror endogenous ghrelin, whose primary physiological role is appetite regulation at the hypothalamic level. The appetite stimulation makes it potentially useful in contexts such as cachexia or conditions requiring increased caloric intake, but difficult to manage for individuals pursuing body recomposition. Like GHRP-2, it causes moderate cortisol and prolactin elevation with the pulse, though generally to a lesser degree than GHRP-2. Clinical research is more extensive than for many newer peptides, spanning GH deficiency and critical illness literature, but no regulatory approval exists for performance or wellness applications.

GLOW is a proprietary blend combining BPC-157 (a tissue-healing pentadecapeptide with strong preclinical GI and tendon evidence), TB-500/TB4 (an actin-regulating wound-repair peptide), and GHK-Cu (a copper tripeptide associated with skin remodeling, angiogenesis, and anti-inflammatory effects). Each component has independent preclinical support, but no clinical trials have evaluated the combination as formulated, and component evidence cannot be summed to predict blend efficacy or safety. GHK-Cu has reasonable human data for topical applications; systemic injectable evidence is more limited. Blend products also introduce uncertainty around individual component dosing, quality verification, and potential interactions not studied in isolation.

Gabapentin is primarily used to treat epilepsy, postherpetic neuralgia, & restless legs syndrome, & is also used off-label for neuropathic pain, anxiety, & fibromyalgia.

Garlic is known for its cardiovascular benefits, including modest reductions in blood pressure and improvements in lipid profiles. It also has antimicrobial properties and may support immune function.

One of the most-studied herbal supplements; modest evidence for cognitive performance & blood flow in older adults.

Glucosamine sulfate is a naturally occurring amino sugar that plays a crucial role in maintaining cartilage integrity and is commonly used to alleviate osteoarthritis symptoms. It is metabolized through the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway, influencing cellular signaling and inflammatory responses, which may extend its benefits beyond joint health.

Glutamine is the most abundant amino acid in the body & the primary fuel for enterocytes & immune cells; evidence supports its role in preserving gut barrier integrity under stress & dramatically reducing symptoms in post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome.

Master antioxidant; oral bioavailability historically questioned but liposomal forms show better absorption.

Inhibitory neurotransmitter & structural amino acid; 3 g before bed shows evidence for improving sleep quality & reducing daytime fatigue.

Gotu Kola is an Ayurvedic and TCM herb known for its ability to stimulate collagen synthesis, improve venous insufficiency, enhance cognitive performance, and reduce anxiety. It is particularly effective for wound healing and venous circulation, with moderate evidence supporting its cognitive enhancement properties.

Grains of Paradise is a West African spice that activates brown adipose tissue, increasing thermogenesis and potentially aiding in fat loss and weight management.

Grape Seed Extract is rich in proanthocyanidins, offering potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, particularly beneficial for cardiovascular health and blood pressure reduction.

Green Coffee Bean Extract is an unroasted coffee extract rich in chlorogenic acids that may help reduce postprandial blood sugar spikes and support modest weight loss. It is primarily used for blood glucose regulation and weight management.

Guanfacine is a selective alpha-2A agonist used primarily for treating ADHD in children & adults, improving prefrontal cortex function, working memory, & impulse control.

Gymnema Sylvestre is an Ayurvedic herb known for its ability to block sweet taste receptors, reduce sugar absorption, & lower blood glucose levels, making it beneficial for individuals with diabetes or those managing blood sugar levels.

HMB is a metabolite of the branched-chain amino acid leucine that inhibits muscle protein breakdown via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway; evidence supports modest preservation of lean mass & strength, particularly in older adults & catabolic states.

Hesperidin is a flavanone glycoside from citrus peel that improves microvascular circulation, reduces symptoms of venous insufficiency, and has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. It is often paired with diosmin for maximum vascular effect and is used to reduce leg swelling, hemorrhoids, and improve endothelial function in metabolic syndrome.

Hexarelin is a synthetic hexapeptide GHRP and among the most potent ghrelin receptor agonists in its class, producing GH pulses substantially larger than GHRP-2 or GHRP-6 at equivalent doses in pharmacodynamic studies. Beyond its GH secretagogue activity, hexarelin has been shown to directly activate CD36 scavenger receptors in cardiac tissue, producing cardioprotective effects in animal models of heart failure and ischemia that are independent of GH elevation — a mechanistically distinct property not shared by other GHRPs. Its potency also means pronounced tachyphylaxis: GH response attenuates quickly with continuous dosing, making cycling protocols important to maintain efficacy. Prolactin and cortisol co-stimulation are notable, and human data remain limited to pharmacokinetic and early exploratory studies with no regulatory approval.

Holy Basil, also known as Tulsi, is an Ayurvedic adaptogen known for its potential to reduce stress & blood glucose levels, & improve immune function.

Horny Goat Weed is a traditional Chinese herb known for its potential benefits in improving sexual function & bone health, primarily due to its active compound icariin.

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor from Huperzia serrata; potent cognitive effects but requires cycling due to accumulation.

Hyaluronic Acid is a naturally occurring substance that provides joint lubrication and skin hydration. It is commonly used to reduce knee pain and improve skin hydration, elasticity, and wrinkle depth.

Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy involves breathing pure oxygen in a pressurized environment, which can aid in wound healing, improve cognitive function, & support recovery from traumatic brain injuries & long COVID.

IGF-1 LR3 is a recombinant analog of endogenous IGF-1 with an arginine substitution at position 3 and a 13-amino acid N-terminal extension that dramatically reduces affinity for IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs), which normally sequester circulating IGF-1 and limit receptor access. This modification extends its plasma half-life from roughly 10 minutes (native IGF-1) to approximately 20–30 hours, enabling sustained downstream signaling at the IGF-1 receptor. It promotes muscle satellite cell activation, protein synthesis, fat oxidation, and glucose uptake in preclinical models, making it of high interest for muscle hypertrophy and tissue repair research. Sustained systemic IGF-1 elevation carries meaningful risks including hypoglycemia, acromegaly-like effects at high doses, and theoretical mitogenic concerns; no human clinical trials or regulatory approvals exist for IGF-1 LR3.

Indole-3-Carbinol is a compound found in cruciferous vegetables that modulates estrogen metabolism & may aid in hormonal balance & cancer prevention, particularly in cervical dysplasia.

Intermittent fasting involves cyclical patterns of eating & fasting, such as the 16:8 or 5:2 methods, which can promote weight loss, improve metabolic health, & support longevity.

Iodine is an essential trace element required for thyroid hormone (T3 & T4) synthesis; severe deficiency causes cretinism & goiter, & adequate intake during pregnancy & early childhood is critical for normal neurodevelopment.

Ipamorelin is a synthetic pentapeptide GHRP that acts as a selective ghrelin receptor agonist, stimulating pulsatile GH release from the pituitary with a favorable selectivity profile compared to earlier GHRPs. Unlike GHRP-2 or GHRP-6, it produces minimal elevation of cortisol, prolactin, or ACTH — making it generally considered the 'cleanest' GH secretagogue peptide in terms of neuroendocrine side effects. It is frequently combined with CJC-1295 (a GHRH analog) to produce synergistic GH pulses through complementary mechanisms, a combination widely used in off-label wellness and anti-aging protocols. Evidence for clinically meaningful outcomes in healthy adults — improved body composition, faster recovery, enhanced sleep — relies on small studies and extrapolation from GH-deficient populations; no regulatory approval exists.

Ferrous bisglycinate is an amino acid chelate form of iron with superior bioavailability & gastrointestinal tolerability compared to traditional iron salts; it is the first-line choice for iron deficiency anemia supplementation, particularly in pregnancy.

KLOW is a proprietary blend combining BPC-157 (tissue-healing pentadecapeptide), TB-500/TB4 (actin-regulating wound-repair peptide), KPV (a melanocortin-derived tripeptide with anti-inflammatory properties), and GHK-Cu (a copper tripeptide involved in skin remodeling and angiogenesis). No clinical trials have evaluated the combination as formulated, and efficacy cannot be extrapolated from individual component research. Each component has a distinct pharmacological profile and combining them may introduce unknown interaction effects. The blend is marketed for recovery, gut health, and anti-aging, but none of these endpoints are clinically established for this specific combination.

KPV (Lys-Pro-Val) is a C-terminal tripeptide fragment of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), representing the minimal sequence required for much of α-MSH's anti-inflammatory activity. Unlike full α-MSH, KPV does not significantly activate melanocortin receptors in the traditional sense; its anti-inflammatory effects appear to operate through direct NF-κB inhibition and modulation of intestinal epithelial barrier function. Preclinical evidence in colitis models is consistent — oral and intracolonic administration reduces inflammatory markers and mucosal damage in rodent IBD models. No human clinical trials have been published; KPV remains a research compound without established dosing, safety profile, or regulatory status in any jurisdiction.

Kanna is a South African succulent known for its mood-enhancing and anxiolytic effects, primarily due to its mesembrine alkaloids that act as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and PDE4 inhibitors.

Ceremonial Pacific plant with anxiolytic effects; among the best-evidenced natural anxiety remedies. Requires proper sourcing.

Ketamine is an NMDA receptor antagonist known for its rapid-onset antidepressant effects, particularly in treatment-resistant depression, with response observed within hours.

The ketogenic diet is a very low carbohydrate, high fat diet that induces ketosis, with strong evidence supporting its use for epilepsy, type 2 diabetes management, & weight loss, & emerging research on neurological conditions.

Krill oil is a marine oil supplement derived from Antarctic krill, known for its high bioavailability of omega-3 fatty acids, which may support cardiovascular health, reduce inflammation, and alleviate symptoms of PMS.

L-Arginine is a semi-essential amino acid that serves as a precursor to nitric oxide, supporting vascular function, blood flow, & exercise performance, particularly beneficial for cardiovascular health & endurance athletes.

L-Carnitine is a naturally occurring amino acid derivative that plays a crucial role in energy production by transporting fatty acids into the mitochondria. It has been shown to improve exercise performance, reduce fatigue, and enhance recovery. However, its effects on weight loss and cardiovascular health are mixed, and high doses may increase TMAO levels, which is a potential cardiovascular risk factor.

L-Carnitine is a fatty acid transporter essential for mitochondrial energy production; its acetylated form ALCAR additionally crosses the blood-brain barrier, acting as an acetylcholine precursor with evidence supporting cognitive function in aging & cardiovascular-metabolic risk reduction.

L-Citrulline is a non-essential amino acid that enhances nitric oxide production, which can improve blood flow, reduce muscle soreness, & boost endurance performance, particularly in athletes.

Precursor to arginine & nitric oxide; used to support blood flow, reduce fatigue, & improve exercise performance.

L-Leucine is an essential branched-chain amino acid that plays a critical role in muscle protein synthesis, particularly beneficial for muscle growth and recovery in athletes, the elderly, and those on plant-based diets.

L-Lysine is an essential amino acid that plays a crucial role in protein synthesis and various metabolic processes. It is commonly used as a dietary supplement to support immune function, promote collagen formation, and potentially reduce anxiety.

L-Ornithine is a non-proteinogenic amino acid that plays a role in the urea cycle, helping to clear ammonia and reduce exercise-induced fatigue. It may improve endurance performance and sleep quality, and is often used with arginine to enhance growth hormone secretion.

L-Phenylalanine is an essential amino acid that serves as a precursor to tyrosine & catecholamines, potentially supporting mood & pain management.

Often paired with caffeine for 'calm focus'; evidence suggests reduced jitteriness & improved attention in some contexts.

L-Tryptophan is an essential amino acid that serves as a direct precursor to serotonin, supporting mood and sleep improvement. It is often used for mood support, sleep enhancement, and managing symptoms of PMS and seasonal affective disorder.

L-Tyrosine is an amino acid precursor to dopamine, norepinephrine, & thyroid hormones, often used to support cognitive performance under stress, cold, & sleep deprivation.

LL-37 is a 37-amino acid cationic host defense peptide derived from the C-terminus of the human cathelicidin precursor hCAP18, and the only cathelicidin expressed in humans. It is constitutively expressed in neutrophils and is induced in epithelial cells of the skin, gut, and lungs during infection or injury, functioning as a first-line innate immune defense by disrupting microbial membranes and modulating inflammatory signaling. Beyond direct antimicrobial activity, LL-37 promotes wound healing through keratinocyte migration, angiogenesis, and re-epithelialization, with topical formulations under investigation for chronic wounds and atopic dermatitis. Human clinical data are limited to small exploratory studies; injectable systemic use is experimental with no established dosing or safety data, and its pleiotropic immune effects create potential for pro-inflammatory effects in certain contexts.

Lactobacillus Rhamnosus GG is a well-researched probiotic strain effective in preventing antibiotic-associated diarrhea, managing rotavirus diarrhea in children, & alleviating symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome.

Lactobacillus acidophilus is a probiotic strain that supports gut and vaginal health, with evidence for reducing IBS symptoms, preventing UTIs, and modulating cholesterol levels.

Lactobacillus crispatus is a probiotic that helps maintain a healthy vaginal microbiome, primarily used to prevent bacterial vaginosis and support vaginal health in women.

Lactobacillus gasseri is a probiotic strain that supports gut health, weight management, and immune function, with evidence suggesting benefits for visceral fat reduction and modulation of the gut microbiome.

Lactobacillus reuteri is a probiotic strain that supports vaginal health, bone mineral density in post-menopausal women, testosterone levels in men, and reduces infant colic.

Lactoferrin is an iron-binding glycoprotein from milk with antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, & anti-inflammatory properties, beneficial for gastrointestinal infections, iron deficiency anemia, & acne.

Lemon Balm is a mild anxiolytic herb that may help reduce anxiety & improve sleep quality, particularly in individuals with mild anxiety or stress-related symptoms.

Lexapro is a highly selective SSRI used primarily for treating depression & generalized anxiety disorder, known for its favorable tolerability & efficacy.

Medicinal mushroom; hericenones/erinacines may stimulate NGF. Evidence for cognition & mood is growing but still limited.

Lion's Mane Mushroom is a medicinal mushroom that supports neurogenesis, memory, & mood, primarily benefiting cognitive function & neuroprotection.

Lithium carbonate is a gold standard mood stabilizer primarily used for bipolar disorder, with evidence supporting its role in mania prevention, suicide risk reduction, & neuroprotection.

Lithium Orotate is a lower-dose lithium salt used as a dietary supplement, potentially offering mood stabilization & neuroprotective benefits based on epidemiological data.

Lumbrokinase is an enzyme complex derived from earthworms, known for its thrombolytic & anti-aggregation effects, potentially benefiting individuals with ischemic stroke & cardiovascular conditions.

Supported by AREDS2 context for AMD progression risk reduction when used as part of a specific formula in at-risk populations.

Lycopene is a carotenoid antioxidant found in tomatoes, known for its potential in prostate cancer prevention, cardiovascular protection, & skin photoprotection by scavenging reactive oxygen species.

MCT Oil is rapidly absorbed and converted to ketones, supporting energy production and cognitive function, particularly in those on ketogenic diets or with mild cognitive impairment.

MK-677 (Ibutamoren) is an orally active, non-peptide ghrelin receptor agonist that mimics ghrelin's action at the pituitary and hypothalamus, stimulating pulsatile GH secretion and raising circulating IGF-1 without requiring injection. Human trials — including studies lasting up to two years — confirm increases in lean body mass, reductions in fat mass, and improvements in sleep architecture (particularly REM and slow-wave sleep), with effects most pronounced in elderly and GH-deficient populations. Tolerability issues include mild fluid retention, increased appetite, and, with prolonged use, elevated fasting glucose and reduced insulin sensitivity due to sustained IGF-1 elevation. It is not FDA-approved and is classified as an investigational new drug; despite its oral convenience, it carries similar long-term concerns to injectable GH secretagogues, including theoretical mitogenic risks from chronically elevated IGF-1.

MOTS-C is a 16-amino acid peptide encoded within the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene, making it a member of a newly identified class of 'mitochondria-derived peptides' (MDPs) that act as systemic hormones rather than mere metabolic byproducts. In rodent studies it improves insulin sensitivity, reduces diet-induced obesity, and enhances exercise capacity, in part by activating AMPK and the FOXO1 transcription pathway in skeletal muscle. Circulating MOTS-C levels in humans decline with age and correlate with metabolic health markers, suggesting it may play a role in metabolic aging biology. Human interventional studies are essentially absent; all available interventional evidence is preclinical, and no dose, formulation, or long-term safety profile has been characterized for exogenous use.

Studied for joint pain/function outcomes; evidence includes placebo-controlled trials with modest improvements in knee OA symptom scores.

Maca root is a Peruvian cruciferous vegetable known for its potential benefits in enhancing sexual function, fertility, & alleviating menopausal symptoms, as well as supporting athletic endurance.

Highly bioavailable form of magnesium supporting cardiovascular, neuromuscular, & metabolic health.

Magnesium L-threonate is a novel magnesium compound engineered to cross the blood-brain barrier, elevating cerebrospinal fluid magnesium & synaptic density; human RCTs demonstrate improvements in cognitive performance, memory, & sleep quality in adults.

Helpful when dietary magnesium is low; glycinate form is often well-tolerated. Evidence for sleep is mixed but plausible.

Maitake Mushroom is an edible fungus rich in D-fraction beta-glucans that stimulate immune cells, show antidiabetic effects, & may support weight management.

Manganese is an essential trace mineral that supports bone formation, collagen synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, and antioxidant defense, primarily benefiting bone health and metabolic functions.

Melanotan II is a synthetic cyclic heptapeptide analog of alpha-MSH that non-selectively agonizes multiple melanocortin receptors (MC1R, MC3R, MC4R, MC5R), producing a broad range of effects including eumelanin-based skin tanning, appetite suppression, and CNS-mediated sexual arousal. The tanning effect — occurring even without significant UV exposure — arises from MC1R activation driving melanin synthesis in melanocytes, while the libido and erectile effects are primarily mediated through MC4R in the CNS. Unlike the approved afamelanotide (Melanotan I), Melanotan II has never completed regulatory clinical trials and is not approved by the FDA, EMA, or any comparable agency, existing entirely outside formal pharmaceutical channels. Reported adverse effects include nausea, spontaneous erections, facial flushing, darkening and proliferation of moles (melanocytic nevi), and unresolved theoretical oncological concerns from unregulated melanocyte stimulation.

Pineal hormone that regulates circadian rhythms; reduces sleep latency & helps with jet lag & shift work at low doses.

Metformin is a biguanide antidiabetic medication primarily used to control blood glucose levels in individuals with type 2 diabetes. It is also being studied for its potential benefits in longevity, cancer prevention, & metabolic syndrome.

Methylene Blue is a phenothiazine dye that acts as a mitochondrial electron shuttle, with preliminary evidence suggesting potential benefits for cognitive enhancement, neuroprotection, & antimicrobial properties.

Milk Thistle is a hepatoprotective supplement that helps stabilize liver cell membranes & stimulate liver protein synthesis, beneficial for individuals with liver conditions such as alcoholic liver disease & nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).

Mirtazapine is a noradrenergic & specific serotonergic antidepressant (NaSSA) used primarily for treating major depressive disorder, particularly in patients with insomnia or poor appetite. It is known for its rapid onset of action & ability to improve sleep & stimulate appetite.

Modafinil is a wakefulness-promoting agent approved for narcolepsy & shift work disorder, & is widely used off-label as a cognitive enhancer with evidence for improving attention, working memory, & decision-making.

Moringa Oleifera is a nutrient-dense plant known for its potential to reduce blood glucose levels & provide anti-inflammatory & antioxidant benefits, particularly for individuals with metabolic concerns.

Mucuna Pruriens is a natural source of L-DOPA, used primarily for managing Parkinson's disease symptoms & enhancing male fertility.

Naturally occurring sugar alcohol with roles in insulin signalling, PCOS management, & neurological function.

N-Acetyl Cysteine (NAC) is a cysteine precursor & potent antioxidant that replenishes glutathione, with evidence supporting its use in COPD, psychiatric conditions, addiction, acetaminophen overdose, & exercise recovery.

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide precursor supplementation to support cellular energy metabolism & longevity pathways.

Nicotinamide riboside & mononucleotide raise cellular NAD+ levels, activating sirtuins & supporting DNA repair, mitochondrial function, & metabolic health in aging.

Naltrexone is an opioid receptor antagonist primarily used for treating alcohol & opioid use disorders. It is also being studied in low doses for autoimmune conditions & chronic pain disorders like fibromyalgia.

Enzyme from fermented soybeans with fibrinolytic activity; early evidence for cardiovascular & blood pressure benefits.

Niacin is an essential B vitamin that supports energy metabolism and is used in pharmacological doses to improve lipid profiles by raising HDL cholesterol and lowering triglycerides and LDL cholesterol. It is also used as nicotinamide for skin health and NAD synthesis support.

NAD+ precursor; early human trials suggest metabolic & energy benefits, especially in older adults.

NAD+ precursor similar to NMN; more human trial data available. Raises NAD+ reliably.

Noopept is a synthetic dipeptide analogue of piracetam, known for its potential to enhance memory, learning, & neuroprotection by stimulating NGF & BDNF expression.

Olive Leaf Extract, rich in oleuropein, is known for its cardiovascular benefits, including blood pressure reduction, and has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. It may also improve insulin sensitivity and provide antiviral protection.

Cardiometabolic & inflammation-related outcomes; can support endurance recovery signals; evidence depends on dose & baseline intake.

Oxiracetam is a water-soluble racetam that may enhance memory & cognitive function, particularly in tasks involving spatial & logical reasoning. It is primarily used by individuals seeking cognitive enhancement.

Oxytocin is an endogenous nonapeptide produced in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus, playing central roles in parturition, lactation, and the regulation of social behavior, trust, and bonding through central oxytocinergic projections. Intranasal administration is the primary delivery route for CNS-targeted effects, as the peptide does not readily cross the blood-brain barrier when given systemically. Clinical trials in autism spectrum disorder have shown inconsistent results — early promising data on social cognition have not been reliably replicated in larger or longer-term trials. Evidence in PTSD and social anxiety is preliminary, and the therapeutic window for cognitive and behavioral effects appears highly context- and dose-dependent; intranasal oxytocin can produce prosocial effects in some settings while increasing in-group/out-group discrimination in others.

PT-141 (Bremelanotide) is a synthetic cyclic heptapeptide melanocortin receptor agonist developed from Melanotan II, acting on MC1R, MC3R, and MC4R to produce centrally mediated sexual arousal rather than acting peripherally on vascular tissue as PDE5 inhibitors do. It received FDA approval in 2019 (Vyleesi) for hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) in premenopausal women, making it the first approved melanocortin-based pharmaceutical for sexual dysfunction. Unlike sildenafil or tadalafil, PT-141 is effective regardless of genital blood flow and shows some evidence of benefit in men with erectile dysfunction non-responsive to PDE5 inhibitors, though this indication is not FDA-approved. It is administered subcutaneously approximately 45 minutes before anticipated sexual activity; common side effects include transient nausea, facial flushing, and blood pressure changes.

Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) is an endogenous fatty acid amide that reduces neuroinflammation and peripheral pain, showing efficacy in chronic pain conditions such as diabetic neuropathy, fibromyalgia, and osteoarthritis. It is well-tolerated with no known drug interactions.

Panax Ginseng is an adaptogenic root known for enhancing cognitive performance, reducing fatigue, and supporting immune function. It is particularly effective for improving erectile function and has moderate evidence for boosting cognition and endurance.

Passionflower is an anxiolytic herb known for its GABA-A modulating properties, used to alleviate generalized anxiety, insomnia, & symptoms of opioid withdrawal.

Paxil is a potent SSRI used to treat depression, social anxiety, PTSD, OCD, & panic disorder, with notable withdrawal challenges.

Pea protein is a plant-derived protein isolate from yellow split peas, offering a complete amino acid profile. It is suitable for individuals avoiding dairy or soy, and supports muscle protein synthesis and lean mass gains comparable to whey protein when equated for leucine content.

Phenylpiracetam is a phenyl-substituted piracetam with stimulant properties, known for potentially improving cognition, physical endurance, & cold tolerance. It is banned by WADA for athletic performance enhancement.

Phosphatidylcholine is a major phospholipid component of cell membranes and serves as a direct choline source for acetylcholine synthesis. It is used for liver protection and cognitive function preservation, and as a delivery vehicle for other lipophilic nutrients.

Phospholipid supporting neuronal membrane integrity; best evidence for cortisol attenuation during exercise & memory in older adults.

Food-based flavoring ingredient to improve palatability & adherence in daily mixes.

Piperine is an alkaloid from black pepper that enhances the bioavailability of various nutrients and drugs by inhibiting intestinal enzymes. It also has modest anti-inflammatory and thermogenic effects.

Piracetam is a nootropic supplement that may enhance cognitive function & memory, particularly in aging populations & those with neurological conditions.

Potassium salt providing the essential electrolyte for cardiovascular & neuromuscular function.

Pramiracetam is a potent nootropic that enhances high-affinity choline uptake, potentially improving long-term memory formation & attention, particularly in individuals with cognitive impairment.

Pregabalin is a medication used to treat epilepsy, fibromyalgia, neuropathic pain, & generalized anxiety disorder. It is known for its anxiolytic effects & is more potent than gabapentin.

Pregnenolone is a master steroid precursor synthesized from cholesterol, with preliminary evidence suggesting benefits for memory, neuroplasticity, depression, & fatigue through neurosteroid & GABA modulation.

Multi-strain probiotic formulations supporting gut health, immune function, & respiratory infection prevention.

Probiotics are live microorganisms that provide health benefits, particularly for gut health, immune function, & potentially mood & metabolic health.

Propolis is a resinous substance produced by bees, known for its antimicrobial and immune-supportive properties. It is used for its potential benefits in wound healing, gut health, and as an antioxidant.

Propranolol is a non-selective beta-blocker used primarily for cardiovascular conditions & anxiety, including performance anxiety & PTSD reconsolidation.

Prozac is an SSRI antidepressant used to treat depression, OCD, panic disorder, bulimia, & PMDD, with a favorable safety profile & long half-life.

Psyllium husk is a soluble dietary fiber from Plantago ovata that effectively reduces LDL cholesterol, normalizes blood glucose levels, relieves constipation, and enhances gut microbiome diversity. It is FDA-approved for cardiovascular disease risk reduction.

Pterostilbene is a methylated analogue of resveratrol with superior bioavailability, known for its antioxidant effects, cognitive protection, blood glucose modulation, & anti-inflammatory activity.

Pycnogenol is a standardized pine bark extract rich in procyanidins, known for improving endothelial function, reducing symptoms of chronic venous insufficiency, decreasing osteoarthritis pain, and enhancing attention in ADHD. It has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and vascular benefits.

Pygeum Africanum is a herbal supplement derived from the African plum tree bark, used primarily to alleviate symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) & improve urinary health in men.

Pyrroloquinoline Quinone (PQQ) is a redox cofactor that supports mitochondrial biogenesis & provides antioxidant protection, with preliminary evidence suggesting benefits for cognitive function & energy metabolism.

Flavonoid with anti-inflammatory & senolytic properties; often combined with EGCG or fisetin.

Rapamycin is an mTOR inhibitor primarily used as an immunosuppressant, with emerging evidence suggesting potential benefits in extending lifespan & improving aging biomarkers in humans.

Studied for menopause symptoms; findings are inconsistent & some studies have higher risk of bias.

Red light and near-infrared therapy, also known as photobiomodulation, is used to enhance mitochondrial function and reduce oxidative stress, with evidence supporting its use for wound healing, pain reduction, skin rejuvenation, and cognitive performance.

Red Yeast Rice is a fermented rice product that contains monacolin K, which is identical to lovastatin and helps reduce LDL cholesterol levels by 20-30%. It is effective for individuals with hypercholesterolemia, but its potency can vary between products.

Reishi Mushroom is an adaptogenic mushroom known for its immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, & stress-reducing properties, often used to support immune function & stress adaptation.

Polyphenol found in red grapes; SIRT1 activator. Mixed clinical results despite strong preclinical data.

Retatrutide (LY-343794) is an investigational triple agonist targeting GIP, GLP-1, and glucagon receptors simultaneously, designed to add the thermogenic and hepatic fat-mobilizing effects of glucagon receptor activation to the weight loss and glycemic benefits of dual GIP/GLP-1 agonism. Phase 2 data (NEJM, 2023) showed mean body weight reductions of approximately 24% at the highest dose over 48 weeks in adults with obesity — the largest weight loss magnitude reported for any pharmacological agent in a randomized trial at the time. The glucagon receptor component requires careful balancing as glucagon raises blood glucose, but at the doses studied the GLP-1/GIP-mediated insulin secretion appears to offset this risk. Phase 3 trials under the TRIUMPH program are ongoing; no regulatory approval has been granted and retatrutide is not available outside clinical trials.

Adaptogenic herb with evidence for reducing mental & physical fatigue; used by athletes for anti-fatigue & mild cognitive support.

Riboflavin is an essential B vitamin that functions as a cofactor in mitochondrial energy production and fatty acid oxidation. It is particularly effective in high doses for migraine prevention and may benefit individuals with mitochondrial disorders.

Ritalin is a dopamine & norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor approved for ADHD, with strong evidence for improving attention, focus, impulse control, & academic performance in individuals with ADHD.

Rutin is a flavonoid glycoside of quercetin with anti-thrombotic, anti-inflammatory, and vascular-protective properties, commonly used for venous insufficiency and edema reduction.

SAMe is a methyl donor involved in neurotransmitter synthesis, with strong evidence supporting its use for depression treatment, osteoarthritis pain relief, and liver health. It is often used as an adjunct to SSRIs.

SS-31 (Elamipretide) is a synthetic aromatic-cationic tetrapeptide that selectively concentrates in the inner mitochondrial membrane by binding to cardiolipin, a structural phospholipid critical for cristae architecture and electron transport chain efficiency. By stabilizing cardiolipin, it reduces mitochondrial ROS production, improves ATP synthesis, and mitigates apoptotic signaling — effects demonstrated across multiple preclinical disease models. The pivotal phase 3 MMPOWER-3 trial in primary mitochondrial myopathy did not meet its primary endpoint (six-minute walk distance), though some secondary functional measures showed trends of benefit. Trials in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) and other mitochondrial diseases are ongoing; no regulatory approval has been granted to date.

Saffron is a spice-derived supplement known for its antidepressant properties, showing comparable efficacy to SSRIs for mild-to-moderate depression with fewer side effects. It is also studied for its effects on PMS, memory, and appetite.

Sauna or heat therapy involves repeated heat exposure that can improve cardiovascular health, reduce depression symptoms, and aid in athletic recovery.

Berry extract traditionally used for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) & hair loss; evidence is mixed.

Schisandra is an adaptogenic berry known for its ability to modulate cortisol levels, support liver detoxification, and reduce stress-induced cognitive decline. It is traditionally used in Chinese medicine for longevity, performance, and mental clarity.

Sea Buckthorn is a berry rich in omega-7 fatty acids, tocopherols, & carotenoids, known for supporting mucous membrane health, skin hydration, cardiovascular protection, & immune function.

Selank is a synthetic heptapeptide analog of tuftsin (an endogenous immunomodulatory tetrapeptide) developed at the Russian Institute of Molecular Genetics, and studied primarily for anxiolytic and nootropic effects without sedation or physical dependence. It is proposed to modulate BDNF levels, slow the enzymatic degradation of enkephalins, and stabilize monoamine neurotransmitter balance, though direct mechanistic evidence in humans is sparse. Clinical data consist largely of small Russian and Eastern European studies in generalized anxiety disorder and neurasthenia, with methodological limitations including small sample sizes and lack of rigorous blinding. Selank is registered as a nasal spray anxiolytic in Russia but is not approved by the FDA, EMA, or comparable Western regulatory bodies, and long-term safety data are lacking.

Selenium is an essential trace mineral incorporated into selenoproteins including glutathione peroxidase & thioiodothyronine deiodinases; the thyroid contains the highest selenium concentration per gram of any tissue, & supplementation reduces thyroid antibodies & supports hormone synthesis in deficient individuals.

Semaglutide is a synthetic GLP-1 receptor agonist with 94% sequence homology to native GLP-1, modified with a C18 fatty acid chain to enable albumin binding and extend half-life to approximately one week — enabling once-weekly subcutaneous dosing or once-daily oral formulation (Rybelsus). It is FDA-approved for type 2 diabetes (Ozempic) and chronic weight management in adults with obesity or overweight with comorbidities (Wegovy 2.4 mg); the STEP 1 trial demonstrated mean body weight reduction of ~15% over 68 weeks. The SELECT trial showed a 20% reduction in major adverse cardiovascular events in adults with obesity and established cardiovascular disease, extending its therapeutic profile beyond glycemic and weight endpoints. Common adverse effects — nausea, vomiting, and constipation — are predominantly GI and dose-dependent, typically attenuating over weeks with gradual dose escalation.

Semax is a synthetic heptapeptide analog of the ACTH(4-7) sequence, developed in Russia in the 1980s and used clinically there for ischemic stroke, optic nerve disease, and cognitive enhancement. It is proposed to upregulate BDNF expression and modulate serotonergic and dopaminergic tone, with most mechanistic evidence derived from animal models. Clinical literature consists largely of small Russian-language studies of limited methodological rigor, making generalization difficult. Typically administered intranasally, it is not approved by the FDA, EMA, or equivalent regulatory bodies outside Russia and some post-Soviet states.

Sermorelin is a synthetic 29-amino acid peptide corresponding to the biologically active N-terminal fragment of endogenous GHRH, representing the minimal sequence required for full agonist activity at pituitary somatotroph GHRH receptors. It has been FDA-approved for diagnosing and treating pediatric growth hormone deficiency, and is used off-label in adult wellness medicine to improve GH pulsatility, sleep quality, body composition, and recovery. A key distinction from exogenous hGH is that sermorelin preserves the hypothalamic-pituitary feedback axis, so GH release remains subject to normal physiological regulation and is less likely to suppress endogenous GH production. Adult wellness evidence comes primarily from small observational studies rather than placebo-controlled RCTs, and long-term safety data in healthy adults without GH deficiency are limited.

Serrapeptase is a serine protease originally isolated from the non-pathogenic bacterium Serratia marcescens found in the gut of the silkworm, and has been used as an anti-inflammatory enzyme supplement, particularly in Europe and Japan. Its proposed mechanisms include fibrinolysis (breakdown of fibrin clots and scar tissue), reduction of bradykinin-mediated inflammation, and thinning of mucus secretions, making it theoretically useful for post-surgical swelling, sinusitis, and carpal tunnel syndrome. Human clinical trials exist but are generally small and methodologically limited; a 2013 Cochrane-adjacent systematic review found insufficient evidence to support clinical use for most claimed indications. Oral bioavailability is a significant pharmacokinetic concern — whether intact enzymatic activity survives gastric transit is debated, and enteric-coated formulations are typically recommended to protect the enzyme from acid degradation.

Shatavari is an Ayurvedic adaptogen primarily used for female reproductive health, including galactagogue effects, support for PCOS, & alleviation of menopausal symptoms.

Shiitake mushrooms contain bioactive compounds like lentinan & eritadenine that support immune function, cardiovascular health, & gut microbiota.

Shilajit is a tar-like mineral pitch from Himalayan rocks, known for its potential to increase testosterone levels, improve sperm quality, and enhance mitochondrial function. It is commonly used as an adaptogen for male reproductive health and energy.

Bicarbonate loading buffers blood lactate; well-evidenced for high-intensity & repeated-sprint performance.

Sodium butyrate is a short-chain fatty acid supplement that supports gut health by reinforcing gut barrier integrity and modulating immune function. It shows promise in managing conditions like inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome.

Alkalizing electrolyte salt used as a pre-exercise buffer to attenuate exercise-induced acidosis during high-intensity efforts.

Sodium Hyaluronate is a form of hyaluronic acid that is used primarily for its joint lubrication and skin hydration properties. It works by retaining moisture and providing cushioning in the joints and skin, leading to improved joint function and skin elasticity.

May reduce menopausal hot flash frequency/severity with small average effect; evidence is mixed & response varies.

Spermidine is a polyamine that promotes autophagy & has potential anti-aging effects, with early human studies suggesting benefits for memory & cardiovascular health in older adults.

Blue-green algae rich in protein, B vitamins, & phycocyanin; antioxidant & exercise recovery signals in several trials.

St. John's Wort is an herbal antidepressant effective for treating mild-to-moderate depression, comparable to standard antidepressants. It interacts with many medications due to CYP3A4 induction.

Stinging Nettle is used primarily for prostate health & inflammation, with evidence supporting its benefits for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) & urinary symptoms. It may also have applications in reducing joint pain & allergic symptoms.

Stinging nettle root extract is used for its potential to bind SHBG, possibly increasing free testosterone levels, and is also utilized for relieving symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and its anti-inflammatory effects.

Strattera is a non-stimulant medication used to improve attention & impulse control in individuals with ADHD, offering benefits without the abuse potential associated with stimulant medications.

Sulbutiamine is a synthetic derivative of thiamine that crosses the blood-brain barrier more effectively, potentially improving memory and reducing fatigue, particularly in conditions like multiple sclerosis and post-infectious asthenia.

Sulforaphane is an isothiocyanate derived from broccoli sprouts that activates the Nrf2 pathway, promoting antioxidant & detoxification processes. It shows potential benefits for cancer prevention, autism spectrum disorder, & cardiovascular protection.

THC is the primary psychoactive component of cannabis, used for pain relief, appetite stimulation, & reducing nausea, particularly in chemotherapy patients.

TUDCA is a taurine-conjugated bile acid & chemical chaperone that inhibits ER stress, supports mitochondrial integrity, & exerts hepatoprotective effects; human RCTs demonstrate liver enzyme normalization in cirrhosis & improvements in hepatic insulin sensitivity.

Anthocyanin-rich fruit extract with anti-inflammatory & recovery properties; useful for DOMS & sleep.

Conditionally essential amino acid with roles in muscle function, antioxidant defense, & calcium handling; common in energy drinks.

Tesamorelin is a synthetic 44-amino acid analog of endogenous GHRH with a trans-3-hexenoic acid modification at the N-terminus that significantly extends plasma stability compared to native GHRH. It is FDA-approved (Egrifta) for reducing excess visceral abdominal fat in adults with HIV-associated lipodystrophy, representing one of few peptides with a formal regulatory approval and phase 3 trial evidence. Mechanistically it stimulates pituitary somatotrophs to release GH in a physiological pulsatile pattern, which in turn elevates IGF-1 and promotes visceral fat reduction. Off-label wellness and anti-aging use is growing, but evidence outside the lipodystrophy indication is limited to small investigational studies without definitive efficacy data.

Purine alkaloid structurally related to caffeine; found in Camellia kucha tea; marketed for energy & focus with less tolerance development than caffeine.

Thiamine is an essential B vitamin crucial for glucose metabolism and mitochondrial function, particularly important for individuals with heavy alcohol use or those undergoing bariatric surgery. It supports cardiac and neurological function.

Thymalin is a polypeptide extract derived from bovine thymus glands, containing a mixture of thymic peptides including thymopoietin fragments and other low-molecular-weight immunoregulatory peptides. It was developed in the Soviet Union in the 1970s and is registered as a pharmaceutical in Russia, where it has been used clinically to restore immune function in immunodeficient states, cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy, and elderly populations with age-related immune decline. Proposed mechanisms include stimulation of T-cell maturation and differentiation, restoration of CD4/CD8 ratios, and modulation of cytokine balance, though molecular targets have not been rigorously characterized by modern standards. Most supporting evidence comes from Soviet-era and post-Soviet clinical literature with significant methodological limitations; it is not approved by the FDA, EMA, or comparable regulatory bodies outside Russia.

Thymosin Alpha-1 (Tα1) is a synthetic 28-amino acid peptide identical to the N-terminal fragment of prothymosin alpha, a thymic hormone, and is commercially available as thymalfasin (Zadaxin). It enhances adaptive immunity by activating toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling in dendritic cells, promoting Th1 cytokine responses, and restoring T-lymphocyte activity in immunocompromised states. It is approved as a pharmaceutical in approximately 35 countries — primarily for chronic hepatitis B, chronic hepatitis C (as adjunct to interferon), and as an immunomodulatory adjuvant in oncology — and was used at scale in China during the COVID-19 pandemic for severe cases based on its immunostimulatory profile. Evidence quality varies considerably by indication; hepatitis and oncology adjuvant data from formal trials are the most robust, while longevity and general wellness applications common in the research peptide community lack controlled human evidence.

Thymosin Beta-4 (TB4) is a highly conserved 43-amino acid peptide that regulates actin polymerization through G-actin sequestration, promoting cell migration, angiogenesis, tissue repair, and anti-inflammatory signaling across multiple organ systems. Human clinical programs have evaluated TB4 in dry eye disease, neurotrophic keratopathy, and chronic wound indications, with modest positive signals in some endpoints but no approved indication to date. 'TB-500' is a commercial label commonly applied to either the full TB4 peptide or its actin-binding fragment (residues 17–23) — the two are pharmacologically distinct, and product labeling in the research market is frequently inconsistent. Buyers should be aware that what is sold as TB-500 may be the fragment, full TB4, or a mixture, making direct comparisons to specific published studies unreliable.

Time-restricted eating involves consuming all meals within a specific 8-10 hour window, which may improve metabolic health, aid in weight management, and reduce cardiovascular risk factors.

Tirzepatide is a synthetic 39-amino acid dual agonist at both the GLP-1 and GIP receptors, engineered as a single peptide with a C20 fatty diacid attached to the lysine at position 20 to extend half-life for once-weekly dosing. The GIP receptor agonism adds complementary pathways for insulin secretion, glucagon suppression, and adipose tissue lipolysis to the GLP-1 effects on gastric emptying and satiety, producing a synergistic weight loss profile. The SURMOUNT-1 trial in adults without diabetes showed mean body weight reductions of 20.9% at the 15 mg dose over 72 weeks — surpassing semaglutide in head-to-head pharmacodynamic comparisons. It is FDA-approved as Mounjaro for type 2 diabetes and as Zepbound for chronic weight management; GI adverse effects mirror the GLP-1 class with nausea being the primary tolerability limitation.

Southeast Asian herb (Eurycoma longifolia); modest evidence for testosterone support & stress reduction in men.

Trazodone is a serotonin antagonist & reuptake inhibitor (SARI) primarily prescribed for depression & widely used off-label for insomnia, with evidence supporting improvements in sleep architecture & depressive symptoms.

Tribulus Terrestris is an Ayurvedic herb often used for testosterone support, though evidence for this is weak. It may have stronger effects on sexual function, kidney stones, & blood sugar management.

Turkey Tail Mushroom is a polysaccharide-rich medicinal mushroom known for its immunostimulant activity, particularly through PSK & PSP compounds that support gut microbiome & immune defense.

Uridine Monophosphate is a supplement that supports neuronal membrane formation and synaptic plasticity, potentially benefiting cognitive function and mood, particularly in conditions like Alzheimer's disease.

Gut-derived metabolite from ellagic acid; activates mitophagy. Promising longevity & muscle endurance data.

Traditional sleep & anxiety herb; meta-analyses show modest sleep quality improvements but high trial heterogeneity.

Valerian root is an herbal supplement commonly used to improve sleep quality & reduce anxiety. It is generally well-tolerated & may help individuals with mild to moderate insomnia or anxiety disorders.

Vinpocetine is a semi-synthetic derivative of vincamine that may enhance cerebral blood flow & cognitive function, particularly in individuals with cognitive impairments or neurological conditions.

Essential fat-soluble vitamin; pregnancy safety matters (avoid excess preformed vitamin A).

Bundle of B vitamins; evidence depends on formulation & baseline deficiency. Some RCTs report improved fatigue/exercise outcomes with specific products.

Essential cobalamin; deficiency common in vegans, older adults, & those on metformin. Supplementation corrects deficiency reliably.

Essential coenzyme involved in neurotransmitter synthesis, amino acid metabolism, & immune function.

Vitamin C is a water-soluble vitamin that acts as a potent antioxidant, protecting cells from oxidative stress. It is primarily used to boost immune function, enhance collagen synthesis, and improve iron absorption. Key caveats include its water solubility, which limits storage in the body, necessitating regular intake.

Fat-soluble vitamin with broad roles in immune function, bone health, & musculoskeletal performance.

Vitamin E is a fat-soluble antioxidant that protects cell membranes from oxidative damage. It shows potential cardioprotective effects and may reduce exercise-induced oxidative stress, though high-dose isolated alpha-tocopherol has shown neutral-to-negative outcomes in some studies.

Menaquinone-7 (MK-7) is the long-chain form of vitamin K2 that activates matrix Gla-protein & osteocalcin, directing calcium to bone rather than arterial walls; evidence from RCTs demonstrates preservation of bone mineral density & reduction of vertebral height loss in postmenopausal women.

Vitex agnus-castus, commonly known as chasteberry, is used to alleviate symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS), regulate menstrual cycles, and manage mild hyperprolactinaemia, primarily in women.

Herbal used for PMS symptom relief; evidence includes RCTs & systematic reviews, though products/extracts vary widely.

Vyvanse is a prodrug of d-amphetamine used primarily for treating ADHD & binge eating disorder, offering improved executive function & attention with a smoother onset & longer duration of action.

Wellbutrin is a dopamine-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor approved for treating depression & aiding smoking cessation. It is also used off-label for ADHD & weight management.

Wheatgrass, derived from young Triticum aestivum shoots, is rich in chlorophyll, enzymes, & micronutrients, & may support antioxidant status & gut health.

Complete fast-digesting protein; gold standard for post-exercise muscle protein synthesis.

White Kidney Bean Extract inhibits alpha-amylase, reducing starch digestion and carbohydrate absorption, which can help manage blood sugar levels and support weight loss in overweight individuals.

White Willow Bark is a natural salicylate source with anti-inflammatory, analgesic, & antipyretic effects, commonly used for low back pain, osteoarthritis, & headaches, offering a gentler gastrointestinal profile than aspirin.

Broad coverage product; evidence is nutrient- & deficiency-dependent. Use as a practical baseline when diet is inconsistent; avoid doubling fat-soluble vitamins.

Yohimbine is an alpha-2 adrenergic receptor antagonist derived from the bark of the Pausinystalia yohimbe tree, known for increasing norepinephrine release and facilitating fat mobilization, particularly effective in a fasted state. It is used for fat loss and has potential benefits for sexual health, but may cause side effects like anxiety and hypertension at higher doses.

Essential micronutrient; relevant to immune function & reproductive physiology. Excess zinc can cause copper issues.

Zoloft is a widely prescribed SSRI used to treat depression, PTSD, OCD, panic disorder, & social anxiety, making it a first-line treatment for many anxiety & depressive disorders.