Small-molecule NNMT inhibitor discussed in preclinical metabolic/obesity contexts; human evidence is not established in the open literature.

Plant-derived long-chain omega-3 fatty acids (DHA/EPA) from microalgae; bioequivalent to fish-derived sources.

Alpha-lipoic acid is a universal antioxidant active in both aqueous and lipid compartments that regenerates other antioxidants; it has strong evidence for reducing neuropathic symptoms in diabetic polyneuropathy and improving insulin sensitivity.

Flavonoid found in chamomile; binds GABA-A receptors with mild anxiolytic/sedative properties. Direct human trials on isolated apigenin are lacking; evidence primarily from chamomile extract RCTs.

Adaptogenic herb with evidence for stress, cortisol reduction, and modest sleep improvement; popular in recovery and wellness contexts.

Pentadecapeptide with extensive animal/in vitro literature (injury and GI models). Robust human efficacy evidence is lacking.

Oral-marketed BPC-157 variant; clinical outcome evidence for this specific oral formulation is not established.

Dietary nitrate is converted to nitric oxide, reducing O2 cost of exercise; strongest evidence for sub-elite endurance athletes.

Alkaloid from Berberis plants with evidence for glycemic control and lipid improvement.

Raises muscle carnosine, buffering acid during high-intensity exercise lasting 1–4 minutes; causes transient paresthesia (tingling) at higher doses.

Commonly marketed for hair/skin/nails; evidence for benefit in non-deficient individuals is limited. Can interfere with lab tests at higher doses.

Menopause symptom support is mixed; some reviews suggest potential benefit for overall symptoms, but results are inconsistent and product variability is high.

Boron is a trace element that modulates sex hormone binding globulin, increases free testosterone and estradiol, enhances vitamin D activity, and supports calcium and magnesium retention in bone; evidence suggests benefits for hormonal balance and bone mineral metabolism.

Acute performance and alertness benefits; individual sensitivity varies; timing matters for sleep.

Long-acting amylin analog investigated for obesity/weight management (incl. combinations such as CagriSema). Not a supplement.

Endogenous antioxidant and mitochondrial cofactor with evidence in heart failure and statin-induced myopathy.

Mitochondrial cofactor involved in energy production; used for cardiometabolic and general vitality support.

Cordyceps is a medicinal fungus used in traditional Chinese medicine; human RCTs show it may improve aerobic capacity and exercise tolerance, with the militaris strain consistently showing acute and chronic benefits for VO2max and time to exhaustion.

Supports high-intensity performance and lean mass; among the best-studied sports supplements.

Polyphenol with anti-inflammatory properties that may reduce exercise-induced soreness.

Standardized high-bioavailability curcumin extract with anti-inflammatory and recovery applications.

Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is the principal bioactive catechin in green tea, with thermogenic, antioxidant, and lipid-lowering properties; meta-analyses demonstrate modest but consistent reductions in body weight and cardiovascular risk factors including LDL cholesterol and blood pressure.

Used as a galactagogue; network meta-analysis suggests increased milk volume vs placebo in small RCTs, but evidence base is limited.

Dietary fiber supplement supporting gut motility, microbiome diversity, and cardiovascular risk reduction.

Periconception folic acid lowers neural tube defect risk; standard public-health recommendation is 400 mcg/day for women who could become pregnant.

Copper tripeptide used mostly in topical/cosmetic contexts; evidence varies by formulation and endpoint.

Blend product. Do not assume combination efficacy/safety from component evidence; direct blend trials are not established.

Glutamine is the most abundant amino acid in the body and the primary fuel for enterocytes and immune cells; evidence supports its role in preserving gut barrier integrity under stress and dramatically reducing symptoms in post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome.

Inhibitory neurotransmitter and structural amino acid; 3 g before bed shows evidence for improving sleep quality and reducing daytime fatigue.

HMB is a metabolite of the branched-chain amino acid leucine that inhibits muscle protein breakdown via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway; evidence supports modest preservation of lean mass and strength, particularly in older adults and catabolic states.

Iodine is an essential trace element required for thyroid hormone (T3 and T4) synthesis; severe deficiency causes cretinism and goiter, and adequate intake during pregnancy and early childhood is critical for normal neurodevelopment.

Ferrous bisglycinate is an amino acid chelate form of iron with superior bioavailability and gastrointestinal tolerability compared to traditional iron salts; it is the first-line choice for iron deficiency anemia supplementation, particularly in pregnancy.

Blend product. Direct clinical evidence for the combination is not established; component evidence does not prove blend outcomes.

Tripeptide (α-MSH fragment) studied mainly in gut inflammation models; evidence is largely preclinical.

L-Carnitine is a fatty acid transporter essential for mitochondrial energy production; its acetylated form ALCAR additionally crosses the blood-brain barrier, acting as an acetylcholine precursor with evidence supporting cognitive function in aging and cardiovascular-metabolic risk reduction.

Precursor to arginine and nitric oxide; used to support blood flow, reduce fatigue, and improve exercise performance.

Often paired with caffeine for 'calm focus'; evidence suggests reduced jitteriness and improved attention in some contexts.

Catecholamine precursor (dopamine, norepinephrine) that may preserve cognitive performance under stress, sleep deprivation, or cold exposure.

Supported by AREDS2 context for AMD progression risk reduction when used as part of a specific formula in at-risk populations.

Mitochondria-derived peptide with preclinical metabolic/exercise-related findings; limited established human efficacy evidence.

Studied for joint pain/function outcomes; evidence includes placebo-controlled trials with modest improvements in knee OA symptom scores.

Helpful when dietary magnesium is low; glycinate form is often well-tolerated. Evidence for sleep is mixed but plausible.

Highly bioavailable form of magnesium supporting cardiovascular, neuromuscular, and metabolic health.

Magnesium L-threonate is a novel magnesium compound engineered to cross the blood-brain barrier, elevating cerebrospinal fluid magnesium and synaptic density; human RCTs demonstrate improvements in cognitive performance, memory, and sleep quality in adults.

Pineal hormone that regulates circadian rhythms; reduces sleep latency and helps with jet lag and shift work at low doses.

Naturally occurring sugar alcohol with roles in insulin signalling, PCOS management, and neurological function.

N-acetyl cysteine is the rate-limiting precursor for intracellular glutathione synthesis, functioning as an antioxidant, mucolytic agent, and liver protectant; clinical evidence supports its use for hepatoprotection in early acute liver failure and reduction of oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers.

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide precursor supplementation to support cellular energy metabolism and longevity pathways.

Cardiometabolic and inflammation-related outcomes; can support endurance recovery signals; evidence depends on dose and baseline intake.

Food-based flavoring ingredient to improve palatability and adherence in daily mixes.

Potassium salt providing the essential electrolyte for cardiovascular and neuromuscular function.

Multi-strain probiotic formulations supporting gut health, immune function, and respiratory infection prevention.

Studied for menopause symptoms; findings are inconsistent and some studies have higher risk of bias.

Investigational triple agonist (GIP/GLP-1/glucagon receptors) studied for obesity; not a dietary supplement. Phase 2 data are robust; phase 3 TRIUMPH program is ongoing.

Adaptogenic herb with evidence for reducing mental and physical fatigue; used by athletes for anti-fatigue and mild cognitive support.

Mitochondria-targeting peptide investigated clinically; the pivotal phase 3 MMPOWER-3 trial did not meet its primary endpoints in the overall PMM population.

Peptide with anxiolytic claims largely from limited/region-specific clinical literature; evidence quality varies.

Selenium is an essential trace mineral incorporated into selenoproteins including glutathione peroxidase and thioiodothyronine deiodinases; the thyroid contains the highest selenium concentration per gram of any tissue, and supplementation reduces thyroid antibodies and supports hormone synthesis in deficient individuals.

ACTH fragment analog researched in neuroprotection/nootropic contexts; most evidence is mechanistic/preclinical or limited clinical literature.

Alkalizing electrolyte salt used as a pre-exercise buffer to attenuate exercise-induced acidosis during high-intensity efforts.

May reduce menopausal hot flash frequency/severity with small average effect; evidence is mixed and response varies.

Thymosin fragment sold in research-chemical markets; high-quality human evidence for this fragment form is not established.

Thymosin beta-4 is studied in wound-healing contexts (preclinical + some clinical programs). 'TB500' in commerce is often loosely used; do not assume equivalence across products.

TUDCA is a taurine-conjugated bile acid and chemical chaperone that inhibits ER stress, supports mitochondrial integrity, and exerts hepatoprotective effects; human RCTs demonstrate liver enzyme normalization in cirrhosis and improvements in hepatic insulin sensitivity.

Conditionally essential amino acid with roles in muscle function, antioxidant defense, and calcium handling; common in energy drinks.

Purine alkaloid structurally related to caffeine; found in Camellia kucha tea; marketed for energy and focus with less tolerance development than caffeine.

TB4 has animal wound-healing data and has been evaluated in human wound indications (e.g., venous stasis ulcers). TB-500 is a synthetic fragment; direct clinical evidence for TB-500 itself is limited.

Essential fat-soluble vitamin; pregnancy safety matters (avoid excess preformed vitamin A).

Bundle of B vitamins; evidence depends on formulation and baseline deficiency. Some RCTs report improved fatigue/exercise outcomes with specific products.

General micronutrient; supplementation is context-dependent. Evidence and dosing vary by outcome; high doses can cause GI issues.

Fat-soluble vitamin with broad roles in immune function, bone health, and musculoskeletal performance.

Menaquinone-7 (MK-7) is the long-chain form of vitamin K2 that activates matrix Gla-protein and osteocalcin, directing calcium to bone rather than arterial walls; evidence from RCTs demonstrates preservation of bone mineral density and reduction of vertebral height loss in postmenopausal women.

Herbal used for PMS symptom relief; evidence includes RCTs and systematic reviews, though products/extracts vary widely.

Broad coverage product; evidence is nutrient- and deficiency-dependent. Use as a practical baseline when diet is inconsistent; avoid doubling fat-soluble vitamins.

Essential micronutrient; relevant to immune function and reproductive physiology. Excess zinc can cause copper issues.