Vitamin B12
Essential cobalamin; deficiency common in vegans, older adults, & those on metformin. Supplementation corrects deficiency reliably.
Evidence last reviewed: 04 Apr 2026
- •those allergic to cobalamin
- •individuals with certain rare metabolic disorders
Research shows that B12 supplementation effectively corrects deficiencies and improves energy and neurological symptoms in at-risk populations. While evidence is strong for its benefits, individual responses may vary, and monitoring levels is advisable.
B12 status / neurological functionDeficient adults; vegans; older adults · RCTs + observationalHigh
Reliably corrects deficiency; improves energy & neurological symptoms in deficient individuals.
Forms & usage▾
Take 250-1000 mcg daily, preferably in sublingual or liquid form for better absorption.
Safety & trade-offs1▾
Cyanocobalamin releases trace cyanide on metabolism — methylcobalamin preferred for those with MTHFR variants or very high-dose supplementation
●High ●Moderate ● Low / note