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BETA

Vitamin B12

Essential cobalamin; deficiency common in vegans, older adults, & those on metformin. Supplementation corrects deficiency reliably.

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Evidence last reviewed: 04 Apr 2026

Evidence
1 record
1 recordBest grade:High

Research shows that B12 supplementation effectively corrects deficiencies and improves energy and neurological symptoms in at-risk populations. While evidence is strong for its benefits, individual responses may vary, and monitoring levels is advisable.

B12 status / neurological function
Deficient adults; vegans; older adults · RCTs + observational
High

Reliably corrects deficiency; improves energy & neurological symptoms in deficient individuals.

Dose: 1 mgDuration: 8–12 weeks
No established benefit in non-deficient adults; high oral doses (1000 mcg) compensate for poor absorption.
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Forms & usage
How to take it

Take 250-1000 mcg daily, preferably in sublingual or liquid form for better absorption.

Methylcobalamin
Active form; preferred by some.
Cyanocobalamin
Most studied; highly stable.
Hydroxocobalamin
Long-acting injection form.
Safety & trade-offs1
Note

Cyanocobalamin releases trace cyanide on metabolism — methylcobalamin preferred for those with MTHFR variants or very high-dose supplementation

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