Copper
Copper is an essential trace mineral important for connective tissue synthesis, iron metabolism, neurological function, and immune defense. It is often under-supplemented relative to zinc.
Evidence last reviewed: 20 Apr 2026
- •those with copper overload conditions
- •individuals on high zinc diets
- •people with Wilson's disease
Moderate evidence supports copper's role in neurological function, immune defense, and iron metabolism. While deficiencies can lead to significant health issues, the evidence does not highlight major risks associated with supplementation.
neurological functiongeneral population · Systematic reviewModerate
Copper is essential for neurological function, with deficiencies impacting neurological health.
iron metabolismgeneral population · Systematic reviewModerate
Copper plays a critical role in iron metabolism, necessary for hemoglobin synthesis.
immune functiongeneral population · Systematic reviewModerate
Copper is important for maintaining immune function, with deficiencies leading to impaired immune responses.
Forms & usage▾
Take 1-2 mg of copper daily, preferably with food.