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Copper

Copper is an essential trace mineral important for connective tissue synthesis, iron metabolism, neurological function, and immune defense. It is often under-supplemented relative to zinc.

joint healthimmuneneurologicalnutritional

Evidence last reviewed: 20 Apr 2026

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Evidence
3 records
3 recordsBest grade:Moderate
Biomarkers
Neuroprotection / NGFImmune FunctionFerritin / Iron

Moderate evidence supports copper's role in neurological function, immune defense, and iron metabolism. While deficiencies can lead to significant health issues, the evidence does not highlight major risks associated with supplementation.

neurological function
general population · Systematic review
Moderate

Copper is essential for neurological function, with deficiencies impacting neurological health.

Dose: 2 mg
Citation: Zhu et al. (2024). Copper homeostasis and cuproptosis in central nervous system diseases.
iron metabolism
general population · Systematic review
Moderate

Copper plays a critical role in iron metabolism, necessary for hemoglobin synthesis.

Dose: 2 mg
Citation: Berger et al. (2024). ESPEN practical short micronutrient guideline.
immune function
general population · Systematic review
Moderate

Copper is important for maintaining immune function, with deficiencies leading to impaired immune responses.

Dose: 2 mg
Citation: Napolitani et al. (2020). Methods of Disinfecting Stethoscopes: Systematic Review.
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Forms & usage▾
How to take it

Take 1-2 mg of copper daily, preferably with food.

Copper Gluconate
Commonly used in dietary supplements.
Copper Sulfate
Used in some supplements and as a fungicide.
Copper Citrate
Another form used in supplements for better absorption.
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