Vitamin A (Retinol equivalents)
Essential fat-soluble vitamin; pregnancy safety matters (avoid excess preformed vitamin A).
Evidence last reviewed: 04 Apr 2026
- •pregnant women considering high doses
- •individuals with liver disease
- •those on certain medications
The evidence supports the essential roles of vitamin A in reproduction and immune function, with moderate safety considerations for excess intake. Notably, high preformed vitamin A intake during pregnancy is linked to teratogenic effects, highlighting the need for careful monitoring.
Physiology / recommended intakes / safetyGeneral population · Government evidence reviewModerate
ODS summarizes roles in reproduction/immune function & safety considerations for excess intake.
Teratogenicity of excess preformed vitamin A in pregnancyPregnant women · Prospective cohort studyModerate
Among 22,748 pregnant women, those consuming >15,000 IU/day of preformed vitamin A had a 3.5-fold higher rate of cranial-neural-crest birth defects; an apparent threshold was identified near 10,000 IU/day of supplemental vitamin A.
Forms & usage▾
Take 900 mcg RAE daily for men and 700 mcg RAE for women, ideally with a meal.