Vitamin A (Retinol equivalents)

Essential fat-soluble vitamin; pregnancy safety matters (avoid excess preformed vitamin A).

womens healthimmune supportskin hairpregnancy

Evidence last reviewed: 04 Apr 2026

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Evidence

2 records

2 recordsBest grade:Moderate

The evidence supports the essential roles of vitamin A in reproduction and immune function, with moderate safety considerations for excess intake. Notably, high preformed vitamin A intake during pregnancy is linked to teratogenic effects, highlighting the need for careful monitoring.

Physiology / recommended intakes / safety

General population · Government evidence review

Moderate

ODS summarizes roles in reproduction/immune function & safety considerations for excess intake.

Dose: 0 mgDuration: Daily / as needed

Citation: NIH ODS – Vitamin A and Carotenoids: Health Professional Fact Sheet

Teratogenicity of excess preformed vitamin A in pregnancy

Pregnant women · Prospective cohort study

Moderate

Among 22,748 pregnant women, those consuming >15,000 IU/day of preformed vitamin A had a 3.5-fold higher rate of cranial-neural-crest birth defects; an apparent threshold was identified near 10,000 IU/day of supplemental vitamin A.

Dose: 0 mgDuration: First trimester exposure

Citation: Rothman KJ, et al. Teratogenicity of high vitamin A intake. N Engl J Med. 1995;333(21):1369-1373.

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How to take it

Take 900 mcg RAE daily for men and 700 mcg RAE for women, ideally with a meal.

Capsule / tablet

Avoid excess retinol in pregnancy; carotenoids differ

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