Vitamin D insufficiency is prevalent among athletes, particularly indoor athletes & those in northern latitudes in winter. Insufficiency is associated with reduced muscle strength, power, & endurance; supplementation of 2,000–6,000 IU/day recommended to maintain 25(OH)D >40 ng/mL.

Vitamin D supplementation reduced risk of acute respiratory tract infection (adjusted OR 0.88, 95% CI 0.81–0.96); greatest benefit in those with baseline deficiency (<25 nmol/L) & those receiving daily or weekly dosing rather than bolus doses.

Vitamin D at 700–800 IU/day reduced hip fracture risk by 26% (RR 0.74) & any nonvertebral fracture by 23% (RR 0.77); no significant benefit was observed at 400 IU/day.

Berberine reduced LDL cholesterol by 0.46 mmol/L, triglycerides by 0.34 mmol/L, & total cholesterol by 0.48 mmol/L across 18 RCTs; HDL changes differed by sex (increase in women, slight decrease in men). No serious adverse events reported.

Berberine reduced fasting plasma glucose by 0.82 mmol/L, HbA1c by 0.63%, & 2-hour postprandial glucose by 1.16 mmol/L across 37 RCTs (n=3048); glucose-lowering effect correlated with baseline glucose levels.

CoQ10 supplementation improved sperm motility and concentration.

CoQ10 pretreatment was associated with improved ovarian response and embryo quality.

CoQ10 may reduce symptoms of statin-induced myopathy.