High-dose omega-3 (≥2 g EPA+DHA/day) consistently reduces fasting triglycerides by 15–30% in adults with elevated baseline levels.

Omega-3 supplementation associated with reductions in cardiovascular events; benefit most consistent at higher EPA+DHA doses (≥2 g/day) and in high-risk populations.

Omega-3 PUFA supplementation produced a statistically significant reduction in DOMS (MD −0.93, 95% CI −1.44 to −0.42; p=0.0004) across 12 RCTs, though the effect size fell below the minimal clinically important difference of 1.4 on a 10-point VAS. Low-quality evidence overall.

Vitamin D insufficiency is prevalent among athletes, particularly indoor athletes and those in northern latitudes in winter. Insufficiency is associated with reduced muscle strength, power, and endurance; supplementation of 2,000–6,000 IU/day recommended to maintain 25(OH)D >40 ng/mL.

Vitamin D supplementation reduced risk of acute respiratory tract infection (adjusted OR 0.88, 95% CI 0.81–0.96); greatest benefit in those with baseline deficiency (<25 nmol/L) and those receiving daily or weekly dosing rather than bolus doses.

Vitamin D at 700–800 IU/day reduced hip fracture risk by 26% (RR 0.74) and any nonvertebral fracture by 23% (RR 0.77); no significant benefit was observed at 400 IU/day.

Berberine reduced LDL cholesterol by 0.46 mmol/L, triglycerides by 0.34 mmol/L, and total cholesterol by 0.48 mmol/L across 18 RCTs; HDL changes differed by sex (increase in women, slight decrease in men). No serious adverse events reported.

Berberine reduced fasting plasma glucose by 0.82 mmol/L, HbA1c by 0.63%, and 2-hour postprandial glucose by 1.16 mmol/L across 37 RCTs (n=3048); glucose-lowering effect correlated with baseline glucose levels.

May improve surrogate markers of mitochondrial function and some cardiovascular measures.