Propolis

Propolis is a resinous substance produced by bees, known for its antimicrobial and immune-supportive properties. It is used for its potential benefits in wound healing, gut health, and as an antioxidant.

immuneantimicrobialgut-healthantioxidantwound-healing

Evidence last reviewed: 20 Apr 2026

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Biomarkers studied

Outcomes directly measured across the evidence records below

Metabolic

Blood GlucoseHbA1c

Gut

Gut Microbiome

Immune

Immune Function

Evidence

5 records

Glycemic control

Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus • RCT

PUBMEDModerate

Propolis supplementation showed potential in improving glycemic control in T2DM patients.

Dose: 600 mgDuration: 12 weeksTiming: Twice daily before meals

Citation: Ochoa-Morales et al. (2023). Anti-hyperglycemic effects of propolis or metformin in type 2 diabetes mellitus. International Journal of Vitamin and Nutrition Research.

Gut microbiota modulation

Patients undergoing hemodialysis • RCT

PUBMEDModerate

Propolis supplementation modulated gut microbiota and reduced uremic toxin levels in hemodialysis patients.

Dose: 400 mgDuration: 8 weeksForm: Green propolis extract

Citation: Fonseca et al. (2024). Effects of Propolis Supplementation on Gut Microbiota and Uremic Toxin Profiles of Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis. Toxins.

Wound healing

General population • Systematic review and meta-analysis

PUBMEDLow

Propolis was found to aid in skin wound healing, although results were not statistically significant.

Dose: 500 mgForm: Ointment

Citation: Machado Velho et al. (2023). Use of propolis for skin wound healing: systematic review and meta-analysis. Experimental Physiology.

Antiviral and immunomodulatory effects

General population • Systematic review

PUBMEDLow

Propolis exhibits broad-spectrum antiviral and immunomodulatory activities, potentially beneficial for respiratory diseases.

Dose: 500 mg

Citation: Forte et al. (2018). Diet effects in the asthma treatment: A systematic review. Journal of Renal Nutrition.

Oral health improvement

Patients with periodontal disease • Meta-analysis

PUBMEDModerate

Propolis mouth rinse showed effectiveness in reducing dental plaque and gingival inflammation.

Dose: 500 mgForm: Mouth rinse

Citation: Sales-Peres et al. (2023). Propolis effects in periodontal disease seem to affect coronavirus disease: a meta-analysis. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition.

Forms

Extract

Commonly used in supplements for systemic effects.

Tincture

Alcohol-based solution for oral or topical use.

Capsule

Convenient form for oral supplementation.

Ointment

Used for topical application on wounds.

Stacks containing Propolis

Public community stacks that include this ingredient.

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gut-healthimmuneantioxidant

Gut Health and Immune Support

by@athlete

Combining Turkey Tail Mushroom with Propolis can support gut health and enhance immune function. Turkey Tail Mushroom is known for its immune-boosting properties, while Propolis provides antimicrobial and antioxidant support.

Turkey Tail Mushroom

2000mg

Propolis

300mg

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