Copper
Copper is an essential trace mineral important for connective tissue synthesis, iron metabolism, neurological function, and immune defense. It is often under-supplemented relative to zinc.
joint-healthimmuneneurologicalnutritional
Evidence last reviewed: 20 Apr 2026
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Biomarkers studied
Outcomes directly measured across the evidence records below
Cognitive
Neuroprotection / NGF
Immune
Immune Function
Bloodwork
Ferritin / Iron
Evidence
3 records
neurological function
general population • Systematic review
PUBMEDModerate
Copper is essential for neurological function, with deficiencies impacting neurological health.
Dose: 2 mg
iron metabolism
general population • Systematic review
PUBMEDModerate
Copper plays a critical role in iron metabolism, necessary for hemoglobin synthesis.
Dose: 2 mg
immune function
general population • Systematic review
PUBMEDModerate
Copper is important for maintaining immune function, with deficiencies leading to impaired immune responses.
Dose: 2 mg
Forms
Copper Gluconate
Commonly used in dietary supplements.
Copper Sulfate
Used in some supplements and as a fungicide.
Copper Citrate
Another form used in supplements for better absorption.
Stacks containing Copper
Public community stacks that include this ingredient.
No public stacks include this ingredient yet.